Scandinavia & the Nordics: A Guide to the Nordic Countries

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Are you among those who are a bit curious about those weird Northern European lands filled with weird, blond, blue-eyed, people and with crosses on their flags? Scandinavia, the Nordics, or why not the Land of Vikings โ€” the region has been called many things over the years. Here’s everything you need to know about the Scandinavian and Nordic countries; where and who we are, what the culture is like here, and how we look and behave. Basically, a handy guide for those who want to get more acquainted with Scandinavians and the Nordic countries in general.

โ„น๏ธ You’ll get to know the Nordics with help from data-driven insights and my personal experiences from having grown up here and traveled around the region my entire life. To paint a more vivid picture of the places and people, I’ve also included lots of photos from my own life and travels. Lastly, I’m including plenty of links to further reading throughout this article if you’d like to dig deeper.

The Countries of Scandinavia and the Nordics

Map of Scandinavia and the Nordics

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Map of Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) and the Nordics (Scandinavia + Finland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Greenland) in Northern Europe

Scandinavia & the Nordic Region โ€” What’s the Difference?

Locally (and technically) speaking, Scandinavia refers to the countries of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark โ€” all speaking the Scandinavian languages and home of the Norse people during the Viking Age. The Nordics include Scandinavia plus Finland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland โ€” along with the island regions of ร…land, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard.

To make it a bit more complicated, for most of the English-speaking world, Scandinavia can more commonly refer to not only Sweden, Norway, Denmark, but also Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. However, this is not a common view at all here in the Nordics.

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What Connects the Nordic Countries?

The Nordic countries are today tied together culturally, historically, financially, and politically; specifically when it comes to the following areas and compared to the rest of the world:

Democratic and political rights
General transparency and low levels of corruption
Trust between each other and toward the government
Population feels safe
Social unity
Gender equality
Distributing incomes via taxation
Similarly high Human Development Index
Similarly high Quality of Life ranking

โ„น๏ธ The Nordic countries are more commonly called Norden locally, which literally means “the North”. In the Nordics you would similarly refer to a Nordic person as Nordisk which means “of the North”. This infers that Nordic means “of the North” as well.

Alright, let’s take a closer look at each of the Nordic countries next, with a map and some quick facts about each country.


๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Sweden

stockholm sweden
Quick facts – Sweden ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช
sweden nordicperspective com

๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Konungariket Sverige (Kingdom of Sweden)
๐Ÿ†” Meaning: “The land of the Swedes
๐Ÿ“Location: Northern Europe
๐Ÿ› Capital: Stockholm (pop: 2 428 987 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Swedish, Sami
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 10ย 502ย 959 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 81.7 years, Women 85 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $60 239 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 173 860 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: Around 970-1100, gained independence in 1523
โ„น๏ธ The most populous Nordic country and biggest economy, home of Ikea, Pewdiepie, Spotify, the Skarsgรฅrds, and Midsummer

Sweden is the most populous country in the Nordic region, and the largest economy as well. It borders Norway and Finland by land in the north, and Denmark across the ร–resund strait in the south.

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Canola fields in Skรฅne, Sweden.

From the beautiful rolling hills and canola fields of the southern region of Skรฅne, to the deep forests and jaw-dropping Icehotel in the northern region of Norrlandโ€”Sweden offers a multitude of unique experiences.

icehotel jukkasjarvi sweden
Icehotel, Jukkasjรคrvi, Sweden

It’s also known for consumer-brand exports such as IKEA, Volvo, and H&M, as well as tech innovations such as Spotify, Minecraft, The Pirate Bay, and Skype.

If you’re hungry for more in-depth information about Sweden, I’ve written plenty of articles that describe the country in more detail.

For an extensive list of more things Sweden is known for, go read my epic guide to Swedishness.

If you’re more curious about the Swedish people, I’ve written an article that describes how Swedes behave and what Swedish culture is like in general:

A Quick Travel Guide to Sweden

Language:
The official language is Swedish, but English is widely spoken and understood throughout the country, making it easy for tourists to communicate.

Currency:
The currency in Sweden is the Swedish Krona (SEK).

Capital:
Stockholm is the capital and largest city in Sweden, as well as the home of the Royal Palace. It is built on 14 islands connected by bridges and offers a charming blend of historical sites, modern architecture, and a vibrant cultural scene.

Climate:
Sweden has a temperate climate with mild summers and cold winters. Summers (June to August) are pleasant, while winter (December to February) can be quite cold, especially in the northern regions.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit Sweden is during the summer months (June to August) when the weather is favorable, and outdoor activities are in full swing. However, winter is also a popular time to visit for those interested in experiencing a Nordic winter and the magical Northern Lights.

Notable Cities:
Aside from Stockholm, other notable cities to visit in Sweden include:

  • Gothenburg: Known for its vibrant food scene, maritime heritage, and beautiful archipelago.
  • Malmรถ: A modern and multicultural city with an impressive mix of old and new architecture (and my hometown!).
  • Uppsala: Home to Sweden’s oldest university and a great Viking museum, Uppsala offers a rich cultural and historical experience.

Tourist Attractions:

  • Gamla Stan: Explore Stockholm’s charming Old Town, with its narrow medieval streets, colorful buildings, and royal palace.
  • Abisko National Park: Located in Swedish Lapland, it is the perfect spot to witness the mesmerizing Northern Lights.
  • Gotland: Visit this stunning island with medieval architecture, sandy beaches, and idyllic countryside (I spent 2 years here and loved it!).
  • Vasa Museum: Discover the well-preserved Vasa warship, which sank in Stockholm’s harbor in 1628 and was salvaged centuries later.

Food:
Swedish cuisine offers an array of delicious dishes, including iconic Swedish meatballs, sill (pickled herring), gravlax (cured salmon), and cinnamon/cardamon buns. Don’t forget to try traditional “delicacies” like surstrรถmming (fermented herring) and smรถrgรฅstรฅrta (“sandwich cake”).

Travel Tips:

  • Sweden has an efficient public transportation system, including trains, buses, and ferries, making it convenient to explore the country.
  • Cashless payments are widely accepted in Sweden, so carrying a credit card or relying on mobile payment apps is recommended.
  • Swedes practice “allemansrรคtt,” which grants everyone the right to access and enjoy the natural landscapes. Respect nature and follow guidelines to preserve the environment.


๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ด Norway

stavkyrka norway
Borgund’s “stave church” in Lรฆrdal, Norway
Quick facts – Norway ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ด
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๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Kongeriket Norge (Kingdom of Norway)
๐Ÿ†” Meaning: “The Way North
๐Ÿ“Location: Northern Europe
๐Ÿ› Capital: Oslo (pop: 1 019 513 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Norwegian, Sami
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 5ย 553ย 840 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 81.1 years, Women 84.8 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $89 203 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 148 729 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 872, gained independence in 1905
โ„น๏ธ Highest GDP per capita in the Nordic region, home of fjords, glaciers, and oil rigs

Norway is the smaller, prettier, and wealthier western neighbor of Sweden; filled with majestic mountain ranges, enchanting fjord landscapes, and rich historical landmarks.

It is not only the richest country in the Nordics (from a per capita perspective), but also one of the wealthiest countries in the world โ€” not the least due to its massive oil and natural gas resources scattered around the Norwegian Sea.

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One of my personal favorites in Norway: Geiranger Fjord

The country’s fjords, mountains, and natural wonders will truly leave you speechless; I’ve spent countless hours hiking around places like Geirangerfjord and Hardangerfjord, simply amazed by the scenery.

And no, this is not a corny exaggeration, it is truly mind-bogglingly beautiful!

geiranger fjord camping norway
Our favorite campsite; right next to the fjord in Geiranger.

The country is known in sports circles for its hugely successful downhill and cross-country skiers, the mega-star footballer Erling Haaland, and of course the #1 chess player in the world โ€“ Magnus Carlsen.

The capital Oslo offers many architectural wonders, a historical old town, and kind and helpful people โ€” and is great to explore on foot as well.

opera house oslo norway

A Quick Travel Guide to Norway

Language:
The official language is Norwegian, but English is widely spoken and understood throughout the country, making it easy for tourists to communicate.

Currency:
The currency in Norway is the Norwegian Krone (NOK).

Climate:
Norway experiences moderate winters and cool summers in coastal areas, while the inland areas can have considerably colder winters and hotter summers.

Best Time to Visit:
Summer (June โ€“ August) is the most popular time to visit due to warmer temperatures. Winter (November to March) is perfect for winter sports and viewing the Northern Lights.

Notable Cities:

  1. Oslo: The capital city boasts of modern architecture, fascinating museums like the Viking Ship Museum and the Munch Museum, and vibrant nightlife.
  2. Bergen: Known for the Bryggen Hanseatic Wharf, the Flรธibanen funicular, and its close proximity to the fjords.
  3. Tromsรธ: This city is great for viewing the Northern Lights and offers many winter activities.

Tourist Attractions:

  1. Fjords: Norway is famous for fjords, including the Geirangerfjord and Nรฆrรธyfjord, which are UNESCO World Heritage sites.
  2. Viking Museum: Gain insights into the Viking culture and history.
  3. The Northern Lights: Tromsรธ is one of the best places in the world to witness the stunning Aurora Borealis.

Food:
You must try traditional Norwegian dishes like Rakfisk (fermented trout), Klippfisk (dried and salted cod), and Lutefisk (stockfish). Also, don’t miss out on tasting Brunost, a unique sweet brown cheese.

Travel Tips:

  • The public transportation in Norway is excellent. The trains, buses, and boats are well-connected, making it easier to explore.
  • Remember to respect the local culture and environment. Norway takes sustainability and nature conservation seriously, and it is expected that tourists do the same.

Whether you’re a lover of history, nature, or culture, Norway offers countless experiences for every type of traveler. Enjoy your journey in this beautiful Nordic country!


๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ฐ Denmark

danish royal guard copenhagen denmark 1
Quick facts – Denmark ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ฐ
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๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Kongeriget Danmark, Kingdom of Denmark
๐Ÿ†” Meaning:The Danish march
๐Ÿ“Location: Northern Europe
๐Ÿ› Capital: Copenhagen (pop: 2 135 634 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 5 920 767 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 79.6 years, Women 83.4 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $67 803 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 16 580 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: Late 8th century
โ„น๏ธ The smallest Scandinavian country, home of Lego, Mads Mikkelsen, hygge, smรธrrebrรธd, and bikes

Denmark is known as the land of Lego, Smรธrrebrรธd (open-faced sandwiches), and Hygge (getting cozy), as well as being the most continental Nordic country in culture and location.

den lille havfrue
Den lille havfrue (“the little mermaid”)

It consists of the Jutland Peninsula and several islands, including Zealand, where the capital city of Copenhagen is located, and is really a small country when considering the total area of the mainland. However, if you count the semi-autonomous countries of the Faroe Islands and Greenland (which are technically part of the Kingdom of Denmark), it’s suddenly quite vast.

Nonetheless, the capital Copenhagen is the largest city in the Nordics, and offers a superb mix of canals, harbors, boardwalks, pedestrian-only streets, royal palaces, and of course the free city Christiania.

nyhavn
Nyhavn, Copenhagen

A Quick Travel Guide to Denmark

Language:
The official language is Danish. However, most Danes also speak English, especially in tourist areas.

Currency:
The currency in Denmark is the Danish Krone (DKK).

Capital:
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city in Denmark. It offers a mix of historical sites, innovative architecture, and a thriving culinary and cultural scene.

Climate:
Denmark has a temperate maritime climate with mild summers and cool winters. The weather can be unpredictable, so it’s recommended to pack layers and be prepared for occasional rain.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit Denmark is during the summer months (June to August) when the weather is pleasant, and outdoor activities and festivals are in full swing. However, spring and autumn can also be delightful with fewer crowds.

Notable Cities:
In addition to Copenhagen, other notable cities to visit in Denmark include:

  • Aarhus: Denmark’s second-largest city known for its vibrant arts and culture scene, museums, and stunning architecture.
  • Odense: The birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen, this city offers a glimpse into Denmark’s history and fairy tale charm.
  • Helsingรธr: Home to Kronborg Castle, the setting of Shakespeare’s famous play “Hamlet.”

Tourist Attractions:

  • Tivoli Gardens: Located in the heart of Copenhagen, it is one of the world’s oldest amusement parks and offers a mix of rides, beautiful gardens, live entertainment, and delicious food.
  • Nyhavn: This picturesque waterfront area in Copenhagen is lined with colorful 17th-century townhouses, bars, and restaurants, offering a lively and charming atmosphere.
  • The Little Mermaid: One of Copenhagen’s most famous landmarks, the statue of the Little Mermaid sitting on a rock has become an iconic symbol of the city.
  • Legoland Billund: Perfect for families, Legoland is a popular theme park in Denmark, featuring an array of impressive LEGO sculptures, rides, shows, and activities.

Food:
Danish cuisine is known for its open-faced sandwiches, smรธrrebrรธd, which are topped with a variety of ingredients and usually combined with a shot of aquavit. Other traditional dishes include frikadeller (Danish meatballs), stegt flรฆsk med persillesovs (pan-fried pork with parsley sauce), and รฆbleskiver (a type of Danish pancake).

Travel Tips:

  • Denmark has a well-developed public transportation system, including trains and buses, making it easy to explore the country.
  • Renting a bicycle is a popular way to get around in Denmark, as the country is relatively flat with many dedicated cycling paths.
  • Keep in mind that Denmark can be quite expensive, so budget accordingly. However, there are also plenty of free attractions and activities to enjoy.

๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ฎ Finland

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Quick facts – Finland ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ฎ
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๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish), Republiken Finland (Swedish), Republic of Finland
๐Ÿ†” Meaning:The Land of the Finns
๐Ÿ“Location: Northern Europe
๐Ÿ› Capital: Helsinki (pop: 2 135 634 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Finnish, Swedish, Sami
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 5ย 569ย 431 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 79 years, women 84 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $53 982 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 130 678 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 1809, Independent from Russia 1917
โ„น๏ธ The only Nordic country that doesn’t speak a language with Norse roots, home of the sauna, Moomin, Angry Birds, and Santa Claus

Finland is known as the “Land of a Thousand Lakes” and the home of Sauna, Moomin, Nokia, and of course the annoyingly succesful Angry Birds.

lahti finland
One of the lakes in “the Land of a Thousand Lakes”

Being half-Finnish I’ve spent every other summer and winter break growing up visiting and enjoying the uniquely Finnish way of life with my Suomalainen family.

The Finnish language is the odd one out in the region, as the only language without any Old Norse roots, and for being extremely different from its neighbor’s languages.

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That said, Finland was part of Sweden for close to 500 years before falling into Russian hands, and when it finally gained independence in 1917 it forged strong bonds with its western neighbor that are even stronger today.

A Quick Travel Guide to Finland

Language:
The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. English is widely spoken throughout the country, especially in tourist areas.

Currency:
The currency in Finland is the Euro (EUR).

Capital:
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is a vibrant cultural hub with a blend of modern and historical architecture.

Climate:
Finland experiences distinct seasonal changes. Summers are mild and pleasant, while winters can be cold with significant snowfall. The Arctic regions in the north have colder temperatures.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit Finland depends on your interests. Summer (June to August) offers long daylight hours and pleasant weather, while winter (December to February) provides opportunities for winter sports and the chance to see the Northern Lights.

Notable Cities:
In addition to Helsinki, other notable cities to visit in Finland include:

  1. Rovaniemi: Located right on the Arctic Circle, it is known as the official home of Santa Claus and offers winter activities, including sleigh rides, reindeer safaris, and ice fishing.
  2. Turku: The former capital city of Finland, known for its historic landmarks, medieval castle, and vibrant riverfront.
  3. Tampere: Finland’s third-largest city, offering a mix of cultural attractions, museums, and scenic lake views.

Tourist Attractions:

  • Northern Lights: Head to Finnish Lapland for a chance to witness the breathtaking Northern Lights dancing across the night sky.
  • Santa Claus Village: Visit Rovaniemi and step into the magical world of Santa Claus, where you can meet Santa himself and cross the Arctic Circle.
  • Archipelago National Park: Explore the stunning archipelago off the southwestern coast of Finland, consisting of thousands of islands and islets, perfect for boating, kayaking, and fishing.
  • Suomenlinna Sea Fortress: Located just off the coast of Helsinki, this UNESCO World Heritage site offers a glimpse into Finland’s history with its well-preserved fortress and picturesque surroundings.

Food:
Finnish cuisine is influenced by its Nordic neighbors, emphasizing fresh and local ingredients. Try traditional dishes like salmiakki (salty licorice), lihapiirakka (a meat and rice-filled pastry), reindeer meat, Karjalan piirakka (rice-filled rye pastry), and kalakukko (fish and pork-filled pastry).

Travel Tips:

  • Finland has an excellent public transport system, including trains and buses, making it easy to explore the country.
  • Sauna culture is an integral part of Finnish life. Don’t miss the chance to experience a traditional Finnish sauna, which is an essential part of Finnish culture and relaxation.
  • Remember to pack appropriate clothing based on the season you’ll be visiting, including warm layers and waterproof gear.
  • Finland’s nature is pristine and preserved, so help maintain its beauty by respecting the environment and following guidelines for responsible tourism.

๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ธ Iceland

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Quick facts – Iceland ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ธ
iceland nordicperspective com

๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Island, Iceland
๐Ÿ†” Meaning:The Land of Ice
๐Ÿ“Location: North Atlantic Ocean
๐Ÿ› Capital: Reykjavรญk (pop: 131 136 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Icelandic
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 376ย 248 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 82.2 years, women 84.9 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $53 982 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 39 682 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 930, Independent 1918
โ„น๏ธ Closest to Old Norse out of all Nordic languages, home of volcanoes, phenomenal landscapes, geysers, and Bjรถrk

Iceland is a fairly remote island nation located in the North Atlantic Ocean, and is known for its spectacular volcanic landscape, relaxing hot springs, and vomit-inducing fermented shark specialty.

iceland landscape sunset church mountains

If you want to learn how the Vikings spoke, the Icelandic language is the closest to Old Norse out of all the North Germanic languages.

A Quick Travel Guide to Iceland

Language:
The official language is Icelandic. However, English is widely spoken and understood, especially in tourist areas.

Currency:
The currency in Iceland is the Icelandic Krรณna (ISK).

Capital:
Reykjavik is the capital and largest city in Iceland. It offers a lively arts and music scene, colorful buildings, and a great selection of restaurants and cafes.

Climate:
Iceland’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream, resulting in cool summers and mild winters. The weather can be quite unpredictable, so it’s advisable to pack layers and be prepared for changes.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit Iceland depends on your interests. Summer (June to August) offers longer days, milder temperatures, and the opportunity to explore the stunning Icelandic landscapes. Winter (December to February) is ideal for witnessing the magical Northern Lights and engaging in winter activities.

Notable Attractions:

  • Golden Circle: Experience three iconic natural wonders – รžingvellir National Park, the Geysir geothermal area, and Gullfoss waterfall – all in one route.
  • Blue Lagoon: Relax and rejuvenate in the famous geothermal spa with its mineral-rich, milky blue waters.
  • Vatnajรถkull National Park: Home to Europe’s largest glacier, where you can hike, explore ice caves, and witness captivating ice formations.
  • Seljalandsfoss and Skรณgafoss Waterfalls: These stunning waterfalls offer unique experiences, with the chance to walk behind Seljalandsfoss and see the rainbow at Skรณgafoss.
  • Jรถkulsรกrlรณn Glacial Lagoon: Marvel at the floating icebergs in this picturesque glacial lagoon, where you can also take boat tours.

Food:
Don’t miss the opportunity to try traditional Icelandic cuisine, such as fresh seafood (including delicious Icelandic salmon and cod), Icelandic lamb, and their unique delicacy, fermented shark. Skyr, a traditional Icelandic yogurt, is also a must-try.

Travel Tips:

  • Iceland’s Ring Road (Route 1) allows you to drive around the entire country, exploring its scenic landscapes. Renting a car is recommended for flexibility and convenience.
  • Be aware of the unpredictable weather and carry appropriate clothing, including waterproof and warm layers.
  • Iceland is known for its geothermal energy, which powers most of the buildings and hot water supply. Be mindful of conserving energy and being eco-friendly.
  • Respecting nature is crucial in Iceland. Follow designated paths, avoid littering, and leave no trace of your visit.

๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ด Faroe Islands

church saksun faroe islands karl andersson nordicperspective
Quick facts – The Faroe Islands ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ด
Flag of the Faroe Islands

๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Fรธroyar (Faroese), Fรฆrรธerne (Danish), Faroe Islands
๐Ÿ†” Meaning:The Sheep Islands
๐Ÿ“Location: North Atlantic Ocean
๐Ÿ› Capital: Tรณrshavn (pop: 21 078 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Faroese, Danish
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 54ย 000 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 79.9 years, women 84.5 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $66 321 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 540 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 1030
โ„น๏ธ Part of the Danish Kingdom, home of the puffin, breathtaking cliffs, sheep, and cozy grass roofs

The Faroe Islands are home to puffins, cozy grass-roofed houses, and gorgeous coastal landscapes.

When we spent time on these islands a few years back we were taken aback by how spectacular the landscapes were, how untouched the islands felt, and how warmly the locals welcomed us.

And due to its location in the North Atlantic Ocean, the climate is volatile and harsh and never gets truly cold or warm.

attack hail faroe islands 1
My son running from the attack hail in Vestmanna, Faroe Islands

A Quick Travel Guide to the Faroe Islands

Language:
The official language is Faroese. However, Danish is also widely spoken and understood by most Faroese people.

Currency:
The currency in the Faroe Islands is the Faroese krรณna, which is a local version of the Danish krone (DKK).

Capital:
Tรณrshavn is the capital and largest city in the Faroe Islands. It is known for its colorful houses, charming harbor, and lively cultural scene.

Climate:
The Faroe Islands have a maritime subpolar oceanic climate with cool summers and mild winters. The weather is highly changeable, so it’s advisable to pack layers and waterproof clothing. To illustrate this, during a May visit some years ago we experienced hail, snow, rain, and nice and sunny weather โ€” all in the same afternoon.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit the Faroe Islands is during the summer months (June to August) when the weather is milder, and the days are longer. However, the islands have their own unique charm in all seasons.

Notable Attractions:

  • Sรธrvรกgsvatn (Leitisvatn): A stunning lake located on Vรกgar Island, famous for its optical illusion that makes it appear as if the lake is hovering above the ocean.
  • Mykines: This remote island is a bird lover’s paradise, inhabited by puffins, razorbills, and other seabirds. It is also home to a picturesque lighthouse and breathtaking cliffs.
  • Gรกsadalur: A village situated amidst striking landscapes with a picturesque waterfall, Mรบlafossur, and stunning coastal views. It was once one of the most isolated villages in the Faroe Islands.
  • Skansin: A historic fort located in Tรณrshavn offering panoramic views of the city and the harbor.
  • Kirkjubรธur: A historic village with well-preserved medieval ruins, including the ruins of an ancient cathedral and the oldest still-inhabited wooden house in the world, Kirkjubรธargarรฐur.

Food:
Try the traditional Faroese cuisine, including dishes like rรฆst kjรธt (smoked and fermented lamb), skerpikjรธt (dried mutton), and Faroese fish delicacies like salted or dried fish. Faroese cuisine is often centered around locally sourced and sustainable ingredients.

Travel Tips:

  • Public transportation in the Faroe Islands is limited, so renting a car is recommended to explore the islands at your own pace.
  • Make sure to plan out your meals, as there are not that many restaurants and stores around. And if you do find one, chances are it’s closed (speaking from experience here!).
  • Be prepared for unpredictable weather and changes in road conditions. Always check the weather forecast and road conditions before venturing out.
  • Respect the local nature and wildlife by following designated paths and trails, and avoid disturbing bird colonies. The islands have a strong conservation focus, and it’s essential to do your part in preserving their natural beauty.
  • Keep in mind that the Faroe Islands are a remote destination, and some facilities may have limited opening hours, especially in more rural areas.

๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Greenland

Quick facts – Greenland ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ฑ
Flag of Greenland

๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenlandic), Grรธnland (Danish), Greenland
๐Ÿ†” Meaning: “The Green Land
๐Ÿ“Location: North Atlantic Ocean
๐Ÿ› Capital: Nuuk (pop: 19 023 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Greenlandic, Danish
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 56ย 466 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 68.3 years, women 73.7 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $54 570 USD (2021)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 836 330 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 1262, Self rule 2009
โ„น๏ธ Part of the Danish Kingdom, home of glaciers, tundra, and polar bears

Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, is the world’s largest island.

Known for its unique Arctic landscapes, massive glaciers, and rich Inuit culture, Greenland offers adventurers an unparalleled experience.

off the coast of greenland
Off the coast of Greenland

It is also known as being the site of a peculiar diplomatic exchange between Denmark and Canada, where the countries take turns claiming an island located in between the two while leaving a bottle of booze as a gift for the next expedition every time.

A Quick Travel Guide to Greenland

Language:
The official languages are Greenlandic and Danish. English is also widely spoken and understood, particularly in tourist areas.

Currency:
The currency in Greenland is the Danish Krone (DKK).

Capital:
Nuuk is the capital and largest city in Greenland. It serves as the administrative, cultural, and economic hub of the island.

Climate:
Greenland has an Arctic climate, characterized by long, cold winters and cool, short summers. Temperatures vary across different regions, with coastal areas being milder than the inland regions.

Best Time to Visit:
The summer months from June to August offer the most comfortable temperatures and extended daylight hours, making it the best time to explore Greenland’s unique landscapes.

Notable Attractions:

  • Ilulissat Icefjord: Located on the west coast, it is a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its immense icebergs, calving glaciers, and breathtaking scenery.
  • Eastern Settlement: Visit this historic site, the remains of the first Norse settlements in Greenland, dating back to the 10th century.
  • Disko Island: Explore this picturesque island with its stunning volcanic landscapes, hot springs, and vibrant wildlife, including whales and seals.
  • Greenland National Park: Covering a vast area of Northeast Greenland, it is the largest national park in the world. Experience raw nature, glaciers, and wildlife, including polar bears and musk oxen.

Food:
Traditional Greenlandic cuisine includes various seafood like fish, shrimp, and whale meat. Other specialties include mattak (whale skin and blubber) and kiviak (fermented seabird).

Travel Tips:

  • Greenland is best explored through organized tours, as the terrain and weather conditions can be challenging.
  • Pack warm and waterproof clothing, as the weather in Greenland can be unpredictable, even in summer.
  • Respect the local culture and nature by following guidelines and instructions given by tour guides and authorities.
  • Observe wildlife from a safe distance and avoid disturbing their natural behavior or habitats.

๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ฝ ร…land Islands

Quick facts – The ร…sland Islands ๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ฝ
Flag of Aland

๐Ÿ‘‘ Official name: Ahvenanmaa (Finnish), ร…land (Swedish), ร…land
๐Ÿ†” Meaning: “Land of Water
๐Ÿ“Location: Baltic Sea, Northern Europe
๐Ÿ› Capital: Mariehamn (pop: 19 023 in 2022)
๐Ÿ’ฌ Languages: Swedish
๐Ÿ‘ซ Population: 30ย 129 citizens (Oct 2022)
โค๏ธ Life expectancy: Men 80.4 years, women 85.5 years (2022)
๐Ÿ’ฐ GDP per capita: $51 934 USD (2022)
๐Ÿ—บ Total Area: 610 sq mi
โณ Consolidated: 1920, Self rule
โ„น๏ธ Autonomous region of Finland, but culturally and ethnically Swedish. The least populous Nordic country, and home of the ร…land Archipelago

The ร…land Islands is an autonomous region of Finland located in the Baltic Sea in between Sweden and Finland. Comprising of more than 6,500 islands, this archipelago offers a unique blend of Scandinavian and Finnish culture, stunning nature, and maritime heritage.

What makes this island region unique is that it’s a culturally Swedish region within Finland, that speaks Swedish and follows Swedish traditions more so than Finnish.

This has been the case since the age of Vikings, when it was an important trading port on the way east towards Kievan Rus and even Miklagรฅrd (Istanbul).

It was given to Finland by the UN after the first world war, and is commonly used as a textbook example of how to solve a territorial island dispute amicably.

And while most ร…landers see themselves more as Swedes than Finns, the country still enjoys a high degree of autonomy as a part of Finland (which might not have been the case if they were part of Sweden).

A Quick Travel Guide to ร…land

Language:
The official languages are Swedish and Finnish. However, Swedish is the predominant language spoken on the islands.

Currency:
The currency used in the ร…land Islands is the Euro (EUR).

Capital:
Mariehamn is the capital and largest town in the ร…land Islands, known for its picturesque waterfront, maritime history, and charming architecture.

Climate:
The ร…land Islands experience a mild maritime climate, with cool summers and relatively mild winters due to the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea. Summer is the most popular time to visit, with pleasant temperatures and long daylight hours.

Best Time to Visit:
The best time to visit the ร…land Islands is during the summer months (June to August) when the weather is at its warmest and daylight hours are long. This is an ideal time for outdoor activities and exploring the archipelago.

Notable Attractions:

  • Maritime Museum, Mariehamn: Discover the rich maritime history of the ร…land Islands in this museum, showcasing fascinating exhibits and ship models.
  • Kastelholm Castle: Explore this medieval castle located on the main island, offering a glimpse into the region’s history and providing stunning views from its tower.
  • Archipelago Trail: Drive, bike, or hike along the scenic Archipelago Trail, a 250-kilometer route that winds through ร…land’s picturesque landscapes and charming coastal villages.
  • Lรฅngnรคs Village: This small village is a popular starting point for exploring the eastern islands, with beautiful nature, picturesque cottages, and opportunities for fishing and boating.

Food:
The local flavors of ร…land revolve around fresh seafood such as Baltic herring, salmon, and smoked fish. Don’t miss the opportunity to try ร…land pancakes, a traditional dessert served with cloudberries and whipped cream.

Travel Tips:

  • The ร…land Islands are accessible by ferry or by air. Ferries operate from mainland Finland and Sweden.
  • Renting a bike or a car is a great way to explore the islands at your own pace. It allows you to visit remote areas and experience the natural beauty of the archipelago.
  • Keep in mind that the ร…land Islands have their own autonomous status within Finland, and they maintain their own rules for governance and taxation.
  • Respect the pristine nature of the islands by following hiking and camping guidelines, and dispose of waste responsibly.

The Nordic Flags (with the so-called “Nordic Crosses”)

Almost all the Nordic flags have the iconic “Nordic Cross”โ€”a rotated Christian cross to symbolize the region’s late conversion from the Norse gods of the Viking Age to Christianity in the 11th centuryโ€”with the exception being Greenland.

Nordic cross flags of Northern Europe 2019
Different “Nordic Cross” flags in Northern Europe. Note that it’s used in many non-Nordic countries.

A red Nordic cross on a yellow background was also used as the union flag during the Scandinavian Kalmar union between 1397 and 1523, when most of the Nordics were united under one ruler, and one flag.

Flag of the Kalmar Union
The Scandinavian “Kalmar union” flag

Greenland has ultimately opted for a different type of flag, as although the country has been under Scandinavian influence for most of the time since Erik the Red established the first Norse colony in Greenland in 986, the now mostly Inuit population is moving for independence from the Danish Kingdom it’s still formally a part of.

And speaking of Denmark, the Danish flag (“Dannebrog”) is claimed to be the oldest continuously used flag in the world according to the Guinness World Records!

dannebrog
Dannebrog, the Danish flag and the world’s oldest flag!

So we’ve covered the countries located up in the cold north, but how about the people? Let’s look at who the Scandinavians are next.


The Scandinavian People

midsummer girls sweden
A group of Swedes celebrating midsummer

The people currently living in Scandinavia may seem like a stereotypically homogenous bunch today (the famously blond and blue-eyed Scandinavians), but in reality, we have arrived to the region from a number of different places.

The first people who settled in the Scandinavian region arrived some 14 000 years ago after the most recent ice age, one wave from the northeast (the modern day Russian steppes), and one from the south (Central Europe).

Both of these groups of people were hunter-gatherers who mainly followed the herds of animals that entered the region as the ice retreated, and it would take another 8 000 years until this way of life changed when farmers from Anatolia and Syria arrive in the region.

the first swedes svt
This is what the hunter-gatherers who came to the Scandinavian region looked like according to DNA analysis. The man on the left represents the wave of people from the south, and the woman on the left the wave from the northeast. Source: SVT

After a few millennia of farming and intermingling between the old and new arrivals, there would come a new wave of people to Scandinavia around 4 800 years ago from the steppes north of the Black Sea and the so-called Yamnaya culture.

After these three major influxes of people into the region, a common culture started taking form in Scandinavia, which would eventually become the Germanic and later Norse culture of the Iron and Viking Ages (around 400-1100 CE).

Over the past 1 300 or so years we Scandinavians haven’t changed all that muchโ€”studies have shown that we share around 65%-80% similar DNA to Scandinavians from the Viking Ageโ€”though we have seen more people continuously migrate to the region.

This is especially true over the last 40 years, as hundreds of thousands of immigrants have arrived from the Balkans, the Middle East, and the horn of Africa mainly.

So what do Scandinavians look like today? I’ll list some examples below of people you might have heard of who come from the region, but if you’d like to dig deeper I’ve also written an extensive article that goes into great detail about Nordic physical traits.

Famous Scandinavian Women

To get a better idea of what Scandinavian women look like and to get better acquainted with some of the more famous ones, I’ve included a small selection of the many inspiring women from the cold north below:

Famous Scandinavian men

Ordinary Scandinavians

You might think to yourself, “Alright all the celebrities are gorgeous, big surprise! How about regular folks?”

It’s no surprise that actors and artists are on average more attractive, and I don’t want to promote a skewed notion that all Scandinavians are perfect (trust me, we are NOT!).

So let’s include some more everyday examples of “ordinary” folks from the region as well, mostly from photos I’ve taken myself in Malmรถ, Sweden, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Oslo, Norway, over the years:


The Scandinavian Languages

๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Swedish

Swedish is an East Nordic language spoken by around 10 million people, making it the most common Scandinavian language. It is the main language of Sweden, and also a minority language in Finland where they still have some Swedish-speaking parts along the coast and the border to Northern Sweden.

The autonomous island region of ร…land is also Swedish-speaking, situated in between Sweden and Finland (and officially part of Finland).

๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ฐ Danish

Danish is an East Nordic language spoken by around 6 million people. It is the main language of Denmark, and is also spoken by many in the Faroe Islands and Greenland (both self-governing countries within the Kingdom of Denmark).

๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ด Norwegian

Norwegian is a West Nordic language spoken by around 4.5 million people, which also makes it the smallest Scandinavian language. It is the main language of Norway.

โ„น๏ธ If you’re interested in the Scandinavian languages and how they compare, I’ve written an article where I dive deeper into how Swedish, Danish and Norwegian sound, which is easier to learn, and how useful each language can be.


Nordic History: Vikings, Norse Mythology, Nordic Unity

The strong Nordic connection comes from a mostly common history; we share the same origin story and can trace our common ancestors back to the first inhabitants of the region (of course mixed with wave after wave of immigrants over the years).

Though we have changed a lot over time and had our fair share of conflicts and disagreements, the Nordic people have essentially shared a similar culture and values from the Bronze Age up until today.

That’s a 14 000-year-old connection; no wonder we are hard to tell apart sometimes!

Historians generally agree that the Nordic Bronze Age culture was the cradle of all the Germanic tribes that would spread out across Europe, and contribute to the fall of the Roman Empire. And out of the Northern Germanic tribes came the Norse Vikings, who would yet again set out on raids and colonize large parts of Europe a few hundred years later.

Further Reading on the Norse Vikings

Further Readings on Norse Mythology

Scandinavian & Nordic Unity

Although the three Scandinavian countries do share a common origin, history, language group, and cultureโ€”and even agree on most modern-day politicsโ€”the Scandinavian region is not unified by a common governing body (such as the EU or the US, for example).

The countries each have their own separate governments, and despite being part of the same Scandinavian language group, the three languages aren’t really mutually intelligible (although especially Swedish is widely understood among young Danes and Norwegians).

That said, within the larger Nordic region (which formally includes Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and ร…land) there is a regional co-operation agreement in effect through the Nordic Council (formed in 1952).

The Nordic Council of Ministers is made up of 87 elected representatives from all the countries in the council, and was formed to foster cooperation between the Nordic countries and “to make the Nordic region one that people want to live and work in”.

Common Questions

Is Finland Considered Part of Scandinavia?

Formally and locally speaking, Finland is generally not considered part of the Scandinavian region or the Scandinavian people (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway). However, the broader Scandinavian definition commonly used in the US sometimes includes Finland, Iceland, ร…land, and the Faroe Islands when referring to Scandinavia and Scandinavians.

A small part of northern Finland is also technically part of the Scandinavian peninsula, bordering both Norway and Sweden above the arctic circle.

viking line stockholm helsinki
The Viking Line ferries connect Helsinki, Finland, with Stockholm, Sweden.

It’s also important to note that Finland has been part of both Sweden and through it the Scandinavian Kalmar union (for a combined 500 years), so the Scandinavian ties are still strong to Finland, although sometimes with a bad connotation from the Finnish perspective.

When including Finland with the Scandinavian countries the terms Fenno-Scandinavia or Fennoscandia are sometimes used.

The Scandinavian Peninsula and Fenno-Scandinavia

โ„น๏ธ I wrote an article diving deeper into whether Finland is Scandinavian or not, so if you want to find out more about Finland’s links to Scandinavia go check that out.

So why aren’t the Finns seen as Scandinavian?

The short answer is that the Finns do not share the same origin story that Scandinavians do, but instead have their own unique story of how they came to the Nordic region, and a separate cultural heritage from the Scandinavian.

I have written an article about Finnish heritage and the origin of the Finns, so go and check that out if you’d like to find out more about the fascinating Finnish history.


Source:

https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf

https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/quality-of-life

https://www.norden.org/en/information/official-nordic-co-operation

https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/n1TUAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0

https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15413

https://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen

https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/

https://www.dst.dk/nyt/40193

https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/befolkning

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By Karl Andersson

As a native Swede with a Finnish mother, Karl identifies as both Nordic and Scandinavian. He left Sweden at 19 to explore the world, and stayed abroad for almost 8 yearsโ€”during which he backpacked, worked every job there was, earned a degree from UC Berkeley, and met the future mother of his children. He ultimately returned to his native Malmรถ with his love, where they now have 3 Swedish-American boys eager to explore the world.

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